Do not store chemicals in alphabetical order except within a storage group. Alphabetical arrangement of randomly collected chemicals often increases the likelihood of dangerous reactions by bringing incompatible materials into close proximity.
All containers within the lab must be labeled according to the instructions in Section 5. Suspect and known carcinogens must be labeled as such and segregated within trays to contain leaks and spills; see Section This plan does not require security measures e.
Storage of liquid chemicals is more hazardous than storage of solids and is subject to numerous and varied storage requirements. Chemicals must be stored in the groups and corresponding facilities described on the following pages. In this plan, there are nine storage groups. Seven of these groups cover storage of liquids based on the variety of hazards posed by these chemicals. Specific instructions must be followed for metal hydrides Group 8 and certain individual compounds, but otherwise, all dry solids are in Group 9.
Section 13, Chemical Index , gives the correct storage group as well as other important information for each chemical listed. Many liquid chemicals pose hazards that correspond to more than one storage group. In the following, liquid storage groups are shown in descending order of hazard. The correct storage group for a multi-hazard chemical is the group that represents the greatest storage hazard, or the group appearing highest in the list.
Examples include all alcohols, acetone, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, amyl acetate, benzene, cyclohexane, dimethyldichlorosilane, dioxane, ether, ethyl acetate, histoclad, hexane, hydrazine, methyl butane, picolene, piperidine, propanol, pyridine, some scintillation liquids, all silanes, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, triethylamine, and xylene.
Examples include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfate, formamide, formaldehyde, halothane, mercaptoethanol, methylene chloride, and phenol.
Compatible Storage Groups: Volatile poisons may be stored with flammables if bases are not present. All oxidizing acids are highly reactive with most substances and each other. Examples include nitric, sulfuric, perchloric, phosphoric, and chromic acids. Primary Storage Concern: Prevent contact and reaction between oxidizing acids and other substances and prevent corrosive action on surfaces. Compatible Storage Groups: Oxidizing acids must be double-contained and should be segregated in their own compartment in a safety cabinet.
When quantities are small e. Small quantities may be double-contained and stored with Group 4: Organic and Mineral Acids. Store oxidizing acids on the bottom shelf, below Group 4.
Organic and mineral acids. Examples include acetic, butyric, formic, glacial acetic, hydrochloric, isobutyric, mercaptoproprionic, proprionic, and trifluoroacetic acids. Primary Storage Concern: Prevent contact and reaction with bases and oxidizing acids and prevent corrosive action on surfaces.
In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the tert- butyl hydroperoxide with a spill pillow or noncombustible absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Cleanup of anhydrous tert- butyl hydroperoxide and concentrated solutions requires special precautions and should be carried out by trained personnel working from behind a body shield. Excess tert -butyl hydroperoxide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
There is little toxicity data available for the butyllithiums; for data on ether and hydrocarbon solvents, see the appropriate LCSSs. Highly reactive; violent reactions may occur on exposure to water, CO 2 and other materials; may ignite spontaneously on exposure to air; highly corrosive to the skin and eyes. Solutions of the butyllithiums are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Reaction with water generates highly corrosive lithium alkoxides and lithium hydroxide. The risk of fire or explosion on exposure of butyllithium solutions to the atmosphere depends on the identity of the organolithium compound, the nature of the solvent, the concentration of the solution, and the humidity. Dilute solutions 1. Contact with water or moist materials can lead to fires and explosions, and the butyllithiums also react violently with oxygen.
The butyllithiums are extremely reactive organometallic compounds. Violent explosions occur on contact with water with ignition of the solvent and of the butane produced.
The butyllithiums ignite on contact with water, carbon dioxide, and halogenated hydrocarbons. The butyllithiums are incompatible with acids, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, and many other classes of organic compounds. Butyllithium solutions should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.
C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with flammable Chapter 5. F and reactive Chapter 5. G substances. In particular, butyllithium should be stored and handled in areas free of ignition sources, and containers of butyllithium should be stored under an inert atmosphere. Work with butyllithium. Safety glasses, impermeable gloves, and a fire-retardant laboratory coat are required. If butyllithium solution is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately.
If large amounts of butyllithium solution are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, and allow the butyllithium to react with atmospheric moisture.
Carefully treat the residue with water, soak up with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Alternatively, the butyllithium solution can be slowly poured transfer by cannula for s - or t -butyllithium into a plastic tub or other container of powdered dry ice. The residues from the above procedures and excess butyllithium should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Extremely flammable, volatile liquid; vapors are readily ignited by hot surfaces. Carbon disulfide is only slightly toxic to laboratory animals by inhalation or ingestion, but its toxicity is relatively greater in humans. Exposure to ppm of carbon disulfide for 15 min can be fatal to humans. CS 2 may also exert its toxic effects after absorption through skin.
By all routes of exposure, carbon disulfide affects the central nervous system. Overexposure to CS 2 may cause headache, dizziness, fatigue, muscle weakness, numbness, nervousness, or psychological disturbances. Contact of the liquid or high concentrations of CS 2 vapor with the eyes may cause irritation. Skin contact can also cause rash or skin irritation. Carbon disulfide is regarded as a substance with good warning properties. Chronic exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon disulfide may cause the central nervous system effects described above.
In addition, chronic overexposure to carbon disulfide causes increased atherosclerosis, leading to risk of cardiovascular disease. Prolonged exposure of female workers to low concentrations of carbon disulfide has been associated with birth defects in offspring; exposure limit values provide little margin of safety for risk of developmental effects. Carbon disulfide has not been found to be a carcinogen in humans.
It is has a high vapor pressure and extremely low autoignition temperature. Its vapor is heavier than air and can travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. The vapor forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations of 1. Carbon disulfide can be ignited by hot surfaces such as steam baths that would ordinarily not constitute an ignition source for other flammable vapors.
Rust iron oxide may increase the likelihood of ignition by hot surfaces. Carbon disulfide fires should be extinguished with CO 2 or dry chemical extinguishers. Reactions of alkali metals with carbon disulfide may cause explosions. Carbon disulfide reacts violently with metal azides. Carbon disulfide should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.
C, supplemented by additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances Chapter 5. In particular, carbon disulfide should be used only in areas free of ignition sources including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths , and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. If carbon disulfide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. In the event of a spill, take care to remove all ignition sources, soak up the carbon disulfide with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly, taking appropriate precautions because of the extreme flammability of the liquid and vapor.
Excess carbon disulfide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Moderately toxic gas with no warning properties; decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. The acute toxicity of carbon monoxide by inhalation is moderate. Carbon monoxide is a chemical asphyxiant that exerts its effects by combining preferentially with hemoglobin, the oxygen-transport pigment of the blood, thereby excluding oxygen. Symptoms of exposure to CO at to ppm include headache, palpitations, dizziness, weakness, confusion, and nausea.
Loss of consciousness and death may result from exposure to concentrations of ppm and higher; high concentrations may be rapidly fatal without producing significant warning symptoms. Exposure to this gas may aggravate heart and artery disease and may cause chest pain in individuals with preexisting heart disease. Pregnant women are more susceptible to the effects of carbon monoxide exposure. Since carbon monoxide is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, it has no warning properties, and unanticipated overexposure to this highly dangerous gas can readily occur.
Carbon monoxide has not been found to be carcinogenic in humans. This substance has shown developmental toxicity in animal tests. Chronic exposures to carbon monoxide at levels around 50 ppm are thought by some investigators to have a negative impact on.
Carbon monoxide is a flammable gas. It forms explosive mixtures with air in the range of Carbon monoxide is a reducing agent; it reacts violently with strong oxidizers. CO reacts with many metals to form metal carbonyls, some of which may explode on heating, and reduces many metal oxides exothermically.
Carbon monoxide reacts with sodium and with potassium to form explosive products that are sensitive to shock, heat, and contact with water.
Because of its toxic, flammable, and gaseous nature, carbon monoxide should be handled using the ''basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5. C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with flammable compounds Chapter 5. F and for work at high pressure Chapter 5. In particular, cylinders of carbon monoxide should be stored and used in a continuously ventilated gas cabinet or fume hood.
In the event of a release of carbon monoxide, evacuate the area immediately. Remove exposed individual to an uncontaminated area and seek immediate emergency help. Keep victim warm, quiet, and at rest and provide assisted respiration if breathing has stopped. Excess carbon monoxide should be returned to the manufacturer, according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Low to moderate acute toxicity; harmful to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. The acute toxicity of carbon tetrachloride is low to moderate. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride can produce symptoms such as dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, stupor, and diarrhea. This substance is a depressant of the central nervous system, and inhalation of high concentrations causes damage to the liver, heart, and kidneys.
Exposure to to ppm for 30 to 60 min can be fatal to humans. Ingestion of carbon tetrachloride leads to similar toxic effects, and swallowing as little as 4 mL can be lethal. Carbon tetrachloride irritates the skin, and prolonged contact may cause dryness and cracking.
This substance is also slowly absorbed through the skin. Carbon tetrachloride liquid and vapor are also irritating to the eyes. The odor of carbon tetrachloride does not provide adequate warning of the presence of harmful concentrations.
Carbon tetrachloride shows carcinogenic effects in animal studies and is listed by IARC in Group 2B "possible human carcinogen". Prolonged or repeated exposure to this substance may result in liver and kidney damage. There is some evidence from animal studies that carbon tetrachloride may be a developmental and reproductive toxin in both males and females. Carbon tetrachloride is noncombustible.
Exposure to fire or high temperatures may lead to formation of phosgene, a highly toxic gas. Carbon tetrachloride may react explosively with reactive metals such as the alkali metals, aluminum, magnesium, and zinc. It can also react violently with boron and silicon hydrides, and upon heating with DMF.
Carbon tetrachloride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5. If carbon tetrachloride is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. In the event of a spill, soak up carbon tetrachloride with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Excess carbon tetrachloride and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Highly pungent, bleach-like odor detectable at 0. Highly irritating and corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; reacts violently with readily oxidized substances.
Chlorine is a severe irritant of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Inhalation may cause coughing, choking, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, and delayed pulmonary edema, which can be fatal. Exposure to ppm for 30 min may be fatal, and ppm can be lethal after a few breaths. Chlorine is highly irritating to the eyes and skin; exposure to 3 to 8 ppm causes stinging and burning of the eyes, and contact with liquid chlorine or high concentrations of the vapor can cause severe burns.
Chlorine can be detected by its odor below the permissible limit; however, because of olfactory fatigue, odor may not always provide adequate warning of the presence of harmful concentrations of this substance. Chronic exposures in animals up to 2. Higher concentrations or repeated exposure has caused corrosion of the teeth. There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or reproductive or developmental toxicity of chlorine in humans.
Chlorine is noncombustible but is a strong oxidizer and will support combustion of most flammable substances. Chlorine reacts violently or explosively with a wide range of substances, including hydrogen, acetylene, many hydrocarbons in the presence of light, ammonia, reactive metals, and metal hydrides and related compounds, including diborane, silane, and phosphine.
Chlorine should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5. All work with chlorine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Cylinders of chlorine should be stored in locations appropriate for compressed gas storage and separated from incompatible compounds such as hydrogen, acetylene, ammonia, and flammable materials.
If chlorine is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. In case of accidental release of chlorine gas, such as from a leaking cylinder or associated apparatus, evacuate the area and eliminate the source of the leak if this can be done safely. Full-face supplied-air respiratory protection and protective clothing may be required to deal with a chlorine release.
Cylinders with slow leaks should be carefully removed to a fume hood or remote outdoor locations. Chlorine leaks may be detected by passing a rag dampened with aqueous ammonia over the suspected valve or fitting. White fumes indicate escaping chlorine gas. Excess chlorine in cylinders should be returned to the manufacturer for disposal.
The acute toxicity of chloroform is low by all routes of exposure. Inhalation can cause dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and nausea, and at higher concentrations, disorientation, delirium, and unconsciousness. Inhalation of high concentrations may also cause liver and kidney damage. Exposure to 25, ppm for 5 min can be fatal to humans. Ingestion of chloroform can cause severe burning of the mouth and throat, chest pain, and vomiting. Chloroform is irritating to the skin and eyes, and liquid splashed in the eyes can cause burning pain and reversible corneal injury.
Olfactory fatigue occurs on exposure to chloroform vapor, and it is not regarded as a substance with adequate warning properties. Chloroform shows carcinogenic effects in animal studies and is listed by IARC in Group 2B "possible human carcinogen".
Prolonged or repeated exposure to this substance may result in liver and kidney injury. There is some evidence from animal studies that chloroform is a developmental and reproductive toxin. Chloroform is noncombustible. Chloroform reacts violently with alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, with a mixture of acetone and base, and with a number of strong bases such as potassium and sodium hydroxide, potassium t -butoxide, sodium methoxide, and sodium hydride.
Chloroform reacts explosively with fluorine and dinitrogen tetroxide. Chloroform should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.
In the presence of light, chloroform undergoes autoxidation to generate phosgene; this can be minimized by storing this substance in the dark under nitrogen.
Commercial samples of chloroform frequently contain 0. If chloroform is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. In the event of a spill, soak up chloroform with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Excess chloroform and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
OSHA "select carcinogen"; highly irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. The acute toxicity of chloromethyl methyl ether is moderate to high. Inhalation of the vapor is severely irritating to the eyes, skin, nose, and respiratory tract, and causes sore throat, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
Exposure to high concentrations can lead to delayed pulmonary edema, which can be fatal. Eye or skin contact with the liquid can result in severe and painful burns. Ingestion of this substance may lead to severe burns of the mouth and stomach and can be fatal.
Hydrolysis of chloromethyl methyl ether produces HCl and formaldehyde, which can recombine to form bis chloromethyl ether. No information is available on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of chloromethyl methyl ether. Odor does not provide adequate warning of the harmful presence of this carcinogenic substance.
Chloromethyl methyl ether is highly flammable. Fires involving this substance should be extinguished with carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers. Chloromethyl methyl ether decomposes in water to form HCl and formaldehyde, and reacts readily with oxidizing agents. Because of its carcinogenicity, chloromethyl methyl ether should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5. D and high flammability Chapter 5. In particular, work with this substance should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and appropriate impermeable gloves and splash goggles should be worn at all times to prevent skin and eye contact.
Chloromethyl methyl ether is also highly flammable and should be used only in areas free of ignition sources; quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers in secondary containers. If chloromethyl methyl ether is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the chloromethyl methyl ether with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly.
Excess chloromethyl methyl ether and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Chromic anhydride; chromic acid; chromium VI oxide; chromic trioxide; chromium oxide. Probable human carcinogen OSHA "select carcinogen" ; severely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes; very strong oxidizing agent.
Chromium trioxide and other chromium VI salts are moderately toxic substances by ingestion; 1 to 15 g may be a fatal dose in humans. Ingestion of nonlethal doses of these compounds can cause stomach, liver, and kidney damage; symptoms may include clammy, cyanotic skin, sore throat, gastric burning, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Chromic acid is irritating to the skin, and prolonged contact can cause ulceration. Inhalation of chromate dust or chromic acid mist can result in severe irritation of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs and may cause coughing, labored breathing, and swelling of the larynx. Eye contact with chromium trioxide and its solutions can cause severe burns and possible loss of vision.
Occupational exposure to chromium VI compounds has been related to an increased risk of lung cancer. Several hexavalent compounds of chromium, including chromium trioxide, are listed in IARC Group 1 "carcinogenic to humans" and are classified as "select carcinogens" under the criteria of the OSHA Laboratory Standard. Long-term exposure to chromium trioxide or chromium VI salts may cause ulceration of the respiratory system and skin.
Exposure to chromium trioxide by inhalation or skin contact may lead to sensitization. Chromium trioxide has exhibited teratogenic activity in animal tests. Chromium trioxide is not combustible but is a strong oxidizing agent and can accelerate the burning rate of combustible materials. Contact with easily oxidized organic or other combustible materials including paper and oil may result in ignition, violent combustion, or explosion.
The use of dry chemical, carbon dioxide, Halon, or water spray extinguishers is recommended for fires involving chromium VI compounds. Chromium trioxide and certain other chromium VI compounds are useful as strong oxidizing agents in the laboratory, but appropriate precautionary measures should be taken when conducting these reactions. Chromium trioxide has been reported to react violently with a variety of substances, including readily oxidized organic compounds such as acetone, acetaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and DMF, and violent reactions may also occur on reaction with alkali metals, gaseous ammonia, phosphorus, and selenium.
Because of their carcinogenicity, chromium VI compounds should be handled using the ''basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5. In particular, chromium trioxide should be handled in a fume hood to avoid the inhalation of dust, and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent skin contact.
The practice of using chromate solutions to clean glassware should be avoided. Chromium trioxide should be stored in areas separated from readily oxidized materials.
If chromium trioxide or other chromium compounds are ingested, give the person large amounts of water or milk and obtain medical attention immediately. If dust or aerosols of these compounds are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. In the event of a spill, remove all combustibles from the area, sweep up the chromium compounds, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly.
In the event solutions containing chromium compounds are spilled, neutralize if possible with aqueous base, soak up with a spill pillow or appropriate noncombustible absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill of powder, particularly in a confined area.
Excess chromium compounds and waste material containing these substances should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. The acute toxicity of cyanogen bromide is high. Toxic effects are similar to but not as severe as those of hydrogen cyanide. Toxic symptoms may include cyanosis, nausea, dizziness, headache, lung irritation, chest pain, and pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Cyanogen bromide is noncombustible.
Impure material decomposes rapidly and can be explosive. Cyanogen bromide can react violently with large quantities of acid. It may decompose when exposed to heat, moist air, or water, producing toxic fumes of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen bromide. Cyanogen bromide can polymerize violently on prolonged storage at ambient temperature.
Because of its high acute toxicity, cyanogen bromide should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5. In particular, work with BrCN should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Containers of cyanogen bromide should be kept tightly sealed and stored under nitrogen in a secondary container in a refrigerator. If cyanogen. In the event of a spill, sweep up cyanogen bromide, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly.
Respiratory and appropriate impermeable protective gloves and clothing should be worn while conducting cleanup of this highly toxic substance. Excess cyanogen bromide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Powerful allergen with high acute toxicity; extremely unstable; may explode on contact with alkali metals, calcium sulfate Drierite , or rough edges such as those found on ground glass.
Diazomethane vapor causes severe irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and lungs. It is considered to be a substance with poor warning properties, and the effects of exposure may be delayed in onset. Symptoms of exposure may include headache, chest pain, cough, fever, severe asthmatic attacks, and pulmonary edema, which can be fatal.
Exposure of the skin and mucous membranes to diazomethane may cause serious burns. Diazomethane is a powerful allergen. Prolonged or repeated exposure to diazomethane can lead to sensitization of the skin and lungs, in which case asthma-like symptoms or fever may occur as the result of exposure to concentrations of diazomethane that previously caused no symptoms.
Chronic exposure to diazomethane has been reported to cause cancer in experimental animals, but this substance has not been identified as a human carcinogen. Pure diazomethane gas and liquid are readily flammable and can explode easily. A variety of conditions have been reported to cause explosions of diazomethane, including contact with rough surfaces such as ground-glass joints, etched or scratched flasks, and glass tubing that has not been carefully fire-polished.
Direct sunlight and strong artificial light. Violent reactions may occur on exposure of diazomethane to alkali metals.
Explosions may occur on exposure of diazomethane to alkali metals and calcium sulfate Drierite. Because of its high toxicity and explosibility, diazomethane should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.
D and for work with reactive and explosive substances Chapter 5. In particular, diazomethane should preferably be handled in solution using glassware specially designated for diazomethane e. Storage of diazomethane solutions even at low temperature is not advisable.
All work with diazomethane should be conducted in a fume hood behind a safety shield, and appropriate impermeable gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles should be worn at all times.
If this compound is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources and close off the hood. Diazomethane solutions can be soaked up with a spill pillow or an absorbent material such as clay or vermiculite, placed in an appropriate container, and disposed of properly. Excess diazomethane solutions and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Highly toxic, flammable, and reactive gas; contact with air or halogenated compounds results in fires and explosions. Inhalation of diborane gas results in irritation of the respiratory tract and may result in headache, cough, nausea, difficulty in breathing, chills, fever, and weakness.
The odor of diborane cannot be detected below the permissible exposure limit, so this substance is considered to have poor warning properties. Overexposure to diborane can cause damage to the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys.
Exposure to diborane gas has not been found to have significant effects on the skin and mucous membranes, but high concentrations can cause eye irritation, and contact with the liquid can cause burns. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of diborane may cause headache, lightheadedness, fatigue, weakness in the muscles, and tremors. Repeated exposure may produce chronic respiratory distress, particularly in susceptible individuals.
An existing dermatitis may also be worsened by repeated exposure to the liquid. Diborane has not been shown to have carcinogenic or reproductive or developmental effects in humans. Diborane is a flammable gas that ignites spontaneously in moist air at room temperature and forms explosive mixtures with air from 0.
Diborane reacts with halogenated hydrocarbons, and fire extinguishing agents such as Halon or carbon. Carbon dioxide extinguishers should be used to fight diborane fires.
Fires involving diborane sometimes release toxic gases such as boron oxide smoke. Explodes on contact with fluorine, chlorine, halogenated hydrocarbons e. Diborane is a strong reducing agent that produces hydrogen upon heating or upon reaction with water.
Contact with aluminum, lithium, and other active metals forms metal hydrides, which may ignite spontaneously. Diborane is incompatible with oxidizing agents, halogens, and halogenated compounds. Diborane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. Diborane should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.
C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with reactive and explosive compounds described in Chapter 5. In particular, diborane should be used only in a fume hood free of ignition sources and should be stored in a cold, dry, well-ventilated area separated from incompatible substances and isolated from sources of sparks and open flames.
In the event of a leak, remove all ignition sources and ventilate the area of the leak. Respiratory protection and protective clothing may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.
If a cylinder is the source of the leak and the leak cannot be stopped, if possible remove the leaking cylinder to a fume hood or a safe place in the open air, and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.
If the leak has resulted in a fire, water spray can be used to cool the container and to reduce corrosive vapors, keeping in mind that if flames are extinguished, explosive re-ignition can occur. Excess diborane and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Dichloromethane is classified as only slightly toxic by the oral and inhalation routes. Contact of the compound with the eyes causes painful irritation and can lead to conjunctivitis and corneal injury if not promptly removed by washing.
Dichloromethane is a mild skin irritant, and upon prolonged contact e. Dichloromethane is not teratogenic at levels up to ppm or embryotoxic in rats and mice at levels up to ppm.
Dichloromethane vapor concentrated in a confined or poorly ventilated area can be ignited with a high-energy spark, flame, or high-intensity heat source. Reacts violently with alkali metals, aluminum, magnesium powder, potassium t -butoxide, nitrogen tetroxide, and strong oxidizing agents.
This compound should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5. If dichloromethane is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately.
In the event of a spill, soak up dichloromethane with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Excess dichloromethane and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Extremely flammable liquid and vapor; forms explosive peroxides upon storage in contact with air. The acute toxicity of diethyl ether is low.
Inhalation of high concentrations can cause sedation, unconsciousness, and respiratory paralysis. These effects are usually reversible upon cessation of exposure. Diethyl ether is mildly irritating to the eyes and skin, but does not generally cause irreversible damage. Repeated contact can cause dryness and cracking of the skin due to removal of skin oils. The liquid is not readily absorbed through the skin, in part because of its high volatility.
Diethyl ether is slightly toxic by ingestion. Diethyl ether is regarded as having adequate warning properties. There is no evidence for carcinogenicity of diethyl ether, and no reproductive effects have been reported. Chronic exposure to diethyl ether vapor may lead to loss of appetite, exhaustion, drowsiness, dizziness, and other central nervous system effects. Ether vapor may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues upon distillation. Diethyl ether may react violently with halogens or strong oxidizing agents such as perchloric acid.
Diethyl ether should be handled in the laboratory using the ''basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5. In particular, ether should be used only in areas free of ignition sources including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths , and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Because of the tendency of diethyl ether to form peroxides on contact with air, containers should be dated upon receipt and at the time they are opened.
Once opened, containers of diethyl ether should be tested periodically for the presence of peroxides according to the procedures described in Chapter 5.
Diethyl ether is generally supplied with additives that inhibit peroxide formation; distillation removes these inhibitors and renders the liquid more prone to peroxide formation. Material found to contain peroxides should be treated to destroy the peroxides before use or disposed of properly. If diethyl ether is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. In the event of a spill of diethyl ether, exercise extreme caution because of its highly flammable nature. Remove all ignition sources, soak up the diethyl ether as quickly as possible with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly.
Excess diethyl ether and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Probable human carcinogen OSHA "select carcinogen" ; other nitrosamines should also be regarded as carcinogenic. The acute toxicity of diethylnitrosamine is classified as moderate. Other nitrosamines of higher molecular weight are somewhat less toxic.
Harmful exposure to nitrosamines can occur by inhalation and ingestion and may cause nausea, vomiting, and fever. A small spill can cover a large area of workbench or floor. Burning liquids can flow under doors, down stairs and even into neighbouring buildings, spreading fire widely. Materials like wood, cardboard and cloth can easily absorb flammable and combustible liquids.
Even after a spill has been cleaned up, a dangerous amount of liquid could still remain in surrounding materials or clothing, giving off hazardous vapours. Vapours can flow from open liquid containers. The vapours from nearly all flammable and combustible liquids are heavier than air.
If ventilation is inadequate, these vapours can settle and collect in low areas like sumps, sewers, pits, trenches and basements. The vapour trail can spread far from the liquid. If this vapour trail contacts an ignition source, the fire produced can flash back or travel back to the liquid. Flashback and fire can happen even if the liquid giving off the vapour and the ignition source are hundreds of feet or several floors apart.
The most obvious harm would be the danger of a fire or explosion. After the immediate danger of a fire, there are sometimes other properties of these liquids that may be hazardous to the body.
Some flammable and combustible liquids are corrosive. Many undergo dangerous chemical reactions if they contact incompatible chemicals such as oxidizing materials, or if they are stored improperly. The Material Safety Data Sheet and the supplier's labels on the containers should tell you about all the hazards for the flammable and combustible liquids that you work with. An example is 2-propanol also known as: dimethylcarbinol, isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol.
It is a colourless liquid with a sharp odour like rubbing alcohol or resembling that of a mixture of ethanol and acetone. It is flammable liquid and vapour. Vapour is heavier than air and may spread long distances.
Distant ignition and flashback are possible. It is also considered to be a mild central nervous system depressant. High vapour may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, and confusion.
It may also be irritating to the respiratory tract or eyes.
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