Since it is found away from the coast interior , the ocean water doesn't help to warm the land in the winter. The main cause of the temperatures in Subarctic is latitude. Temperatures can reach degrees in the winter and be as high as 85 degrees in the summer--which is the widest range of temperatures of any climate. That would be a degree temperature range. How Much Precipitation Does it Receive?
There is very little evaporation because of the cold temperatures, so very little precipitation falls here. Between 10 and 20 inches of rain falls in Subarctic areas. Most of the rain falls in the summer, when evaporation levels are higher. Subarctic regions are covered in snow for most of the year. The short warm summer melts most of the snow. Climate varies from place-to-place across the Earth. Climate is determined by long-term over at least In other words, the subarctic The area immediately south of the Arctic circle.
More is the region between the Arctic Definitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers, More to the north and temperate zones to the south. The Han near Dawson , as well as many Alaskan groups, built rectangular pit houses that were heavily banked with turf to withstand the cold, while far to the south in British Columbia , groups such as the Tsilhqot'in made pit houses similar to those used by the peoples of the Plateau.
Considerable effort was taken to cache food and equipment not needed for the season; specially prepared pits, strong cribbed and conical structures, cairns, or racks and platforms in trees were used for storage.
Myths and legends described a time when animals had great power and could assume human form. Many Subarctic peoples told stories about a "culture hero," the first person to gain special powers. For them, power and knowledge were one, and a powerful individual was one who "knows something. They also possessed the ability to overcome dangerous animals, and thus made the world a safer place in which humans could live.
The Algonquian culture hero and trickster figures are known as Nanabozho and Wisakedjak. The Dene culture hero goes by many names but is often associated with migratory water birds and the sun, both of whom are seen to fly through the heavens. Beliefs about the interdependence of people and nature embodied in myth helped Subarctic Aboriginal peoples interpret their environment. Spiritual leaders were people who used their powers for the benefit of others, though to some people they sometimes used their power for evil.
Among many Algonquians, these shamans , or medicine people, conducted the Shaking Tent ceremony in which distant spirits of people or animals were conjured for curing and prophecy in a special tipi. Elsewhere, shamans performed under a blanket or dressed in a special manner, signifying their importance within the native community. Western Dene medicine men and women charged high prices for their services and asserted prerogatives or took liberties among their people, meaning many of them were feared as well as respected.
Among the Innu , certain men and women predicted hunting trails by scapulamancy, a form of divination which interpreted the pattern of cracks on a caribou shoulder blade heated by fire. The Dane-zaa of the Peace River region in the West had prophets called Dreamers - people who had experienced death and flown like swans to a spirit land beyond the sky. They were healers and leaders in religious dances based on songs they brought back from their journeys to heaven.
Like many other Subarctic peoples, they sang to the accompaniment of single-headed hand drums. Most people, however, had some degree of medicine power obtained from childhood vision quests. In addition, there was a body of beliefs and practices, taboos, prescriptions and minor rituals separate from shamanism, divination and curing. Among these customs were the special observances made prior to, and after killing animals. Contact with Europeans brought intense and irrevocable change to Aboriginal peoples of the Subarctic.
Many quickly became dependent on the fur trade for goods like guns, knives, axes, cooking pots and clothing. Eventually they became dependant on trade for food, as they had turned from harvesting animals for food and skins to trapping those species desired by European markets.
Bands moved closer to trading posts, and traders worked to exert control over the Aboriginal peoples. Trading chiefs who negotiated with the Europeans became as important as the earlier hunting leaders. The fur trade had considerable impact on Subarctic ecology. Many species of game and fur-bearing animals became depleted. European diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, measles and influenza killed large numbers of Aboriginal peoples see Aboriginal People, Health.
Others died of starvation during periods of disease and game scarcity. Early contact during the 17th century caused extensive migration of Subarctic peoples, namely with groups such as the Cree , and brought new and diverse intertribal relationships.
The 19th century was characterized by direct contact between Aboriginal peoples and Europeans engaged in the fur trade. Different bands experienced the effects of contact with greater or lesser consequences. In Newfoundland, loss of habitat and killing by Europeans led to the complete extinction of the Beothuk by By contrast, the neighbouring Innu developed a trapping economy and systematic trade relations with Europeans.
They initially successfully adapted to contact conditions because Europeans required furs and did not immediately claim Innu hunting territories. Later, the federal government forcibly relocated Innu into permanent settlements in an effort to assimilate them into the global wage economy, often with disastrous social consequences.
Following Alexander Mackenzie's voyages of exploration along the Peace and Mackenzie rivers beginning in , the rival North West Company NWC established trading posts that gave traders direct contact with the Dene. In , these posts were taken over by the HBC, which became an important influence in the area.
European missionaries and forced participation in the assimilative, destructive, and often abusive residential school program led many Subarctic Aboriginal peoples to adopt elements of Christianity while also retaining many of their own spiritual traditions, sometimes blending the two.
During the 20th century, resource development in the North and movement of non-Aboriginal peoples into the Subarctic dramatically increased. These conditions motivated contemporary Subarctic Aboriginals to press for land claims settlements and increased control over their communities, culture and future.
After decades of marginalization and exclusion from self-determination, many groups have successfully negotiated land claims and self-government agreements within the Canadian national context. The western part of the High Alps between and m above sea level and the Eastern Alps in France, Italy, Switzerland and Germany also posses the features of the subarctic climate. Vast areas of Asia lie in the subarctic region. Siberia, which is situated in the northern part of what was once Russia, is a prime example.
Siberia's climate varies greatly depending on how close it is to the Arctic Circle. In the far north, summers are as short as one month and winters last for most of the year. In the more southern areas, winters are shorter and milder and summers are longer, with temperatures reaching 30 C. Northern Mongolia and Northern China also have a subarctic climate.
Canada is known for its long, harsh winters in the north. This is especially true of southern Labrador and Newfoundland, northern Quebec, northern parts of Ontario, the northern parts of the Prairie provinces and most of Yukon and the Northwest Territories. In these regions snow covers the ground for almost six months a year.
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